The need for achievement

n Associated characteristics

n moderate risk-taking

n hard work at tasks with potential for ach.

n Prefer personal responsibility

n predicts entrepreneurial positions

n low-level managers

n gender and culture bias in construct

Attributions and Achievement Goals

n Attributions

n Stability

n Locus

n Control

n Goals

n Mastery - performance

n Approach - avoid

Type A

n Competitive, achievement striving (work harder when challenged/competing)

n time urgency

n aggressiveness and hostility

n more arousal under stress, don’t acknowledge

n relationship with health

n measurement validity

n toxic component

Social anxiety

n Shyness, not introversion

n interpret feedback in negative light

n evaluation apprehension

n trouble initiating conversation

Emotions

n affectivity

n Positive affect - social activity

n neg. affect - psychological and physical stress

n emotional intensity

n not due to differences in experience

n not associated with well-being

n expressivity

n better health

Optimism-pessimism

n Dispositional optimism

n better coping with distress

n rely on problem-focused coping, not denial

n better health

n defensive pessimism

n motivated by fear of failure

n do better when allowed to predict worst